Berechnungsschema/ Implementierung der Betriebsregeln/en

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In order to make the principles found accessible for simulation, a suitable mathematical formulation is required.

The order of the regularities given before already gives a structure which is also usable for mathematics. The central dependence is given by the storage content. In system hydrology, such a form of dependence is known by the linear single reservoir and can be solved in a closed way. Its principle is based on the assumption that the discharge is always proportional to the amount of water present in it (reservoir content). The proportionality factor k is called the storage constant. Together with the continuity equation, this gives the differential equation of the single-linear reservoir. This form of the storage equation is unsuitable for actual application to control-influenced storage systems. On the one hand, the discharges are normally not proportional to the storage content, on the other hand, the equation must be extended to any number of discharges.

Figure 24: Rangewise linearization of a function

As can be seen from the examples in this chapter, the functional relationships between storage content and delivery used in the operating rules are normally only available in the form of interpolation points. The connection of the interpolation points provides the curve of a delivery function. A discharge function given in the form of several nodes, e.g. the characteristic curve of a spillway, can be linearly connected between its nodes (or grid points). The general representation of functions with range-wise linearization is given in Figure 24.

For a section of the function applies:

(2-1)

[math]\displaystyle{ y_{(t)}=y_{i-1}+k_i \cdot (S_{(t)} - S_{i-1}) }[/math]

with

[math]\displaystyle{ S_i \lt S_{(t)} \le S_{i+1} }[/math]

For any number of delivery functions, the equation of linear single reservoir for a section becomes:

(2-2)

[math]\displaystyle{ \frac{dS}{dt} = \sum_{z=1}^n Q_z - \sum_{p=1}^m (y_{p,i-1} + k_{p,i} \cdot (S_{(t)} - S_{p,i-1})) }[/math]

with

S : reservoir content

Q_z : inflow (independent of reservoir content).

y_i-1 : discharge value at grid point i-1

k : slope between interpolation points i-1 and i

n : number of inflows

m : number of discharges dependent on the storage content

t : time

After division into a constant part and a part depending on the storage content S, the well-known and closed solvable equation of the linear single storage is obtained.

(2-3)

[math]\displaystyle{ \frac{dS}{dt} = \begin{matrix} \underbrace {\sum_{z=1}^n Q_z - \sum_{p-1}^m ( y_{p,i-1} - k_{p,i} \cdot S_{p,i-1} )} \\ C_1=\mbox{konstanter Anteil} \end{matrix} - \begin{matrix} \underbrace {\sum_{p=1}^m (k_{p,i})} \\ C_2=\mbox{von S abhaengig} \end{matrix} \cdot S_{(t)} }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ \frac{dS}{dt} = C_1 - C_2 \cdot S_{(t)} }[/math]

As long as the reservoir contents are within a section Si-1 to Si, the solution to the differential equation is:

(2-4)

[math]\displaystyle{ S(t) = \frac{C_1}{C_2} \cdot \left [ 1 - e^{-C_2} \cdot (t-t_0) \right ] }[/math]

If the section is exceeded for at least one delivery function, the changes that have occurred up to that point in both the reservoir contents and the deliveries must be registered and C1 and C2 recalculated. With this method, the used time interval - the outer time step - is processed by an arbitrary number of inner time steps depending on the density of the interpolation points. The time until a range change can be determined by transforming to t from the following equation:

(2-5)

[math]\displaystyle{ t_1 = -\frac{1}{C_2} \cdot \ln \left ( \frac{S(t)-\frac{C_1}{C_2}}{S_0-\frac{C_1}{C_2}} \right ) + t_0 }[/math]

Whether a reservoir content increase or decrease occurs in the interval under consideration is to be determined by substituting for S(t) the value of the upper section boundary, where the nearest interpolation point of all functions is decisive for the determination of the section boundary. The resulting value t1 determines the following three cases:

1. [math]\displaystyle{ t_1 \gt \Delta t \, }[/math] (äußerer Zeitschritt)

   No range change takes place in the considered time interval.

2. [math]\displaystyle{ 0 \lt t_1 \lt \Delta t \, }[/math]

   There is a range change after the time t1. The span between t0 and t1 represents the inner time step length.

3. [math]\displaystyle{ t_1 \lt 0 \, }[/math]

   There is no reservoir content increase but a decrease. Instead of the upper section limit, the lower section limit must be used and the calculation repeated.

If the range crossings are observed, the reservoir content is known at every time t. Consequently, the processes dependent on the reservoir contents are also known in their course over time. In general, however, it is not a time course that is required, but the mean value within a time interval. If equation 2-4 is inserted into equation 2-1 and integrated over the inner time step length, the average process rate in the relevant time interval is obtained.

(2-6)

[math]\displaystyle{ \bar{y} = y_{p,i-1} - k_{p,i} \cdot S_{p,i-1} + k_{p,i} \cdot \left [ \frac{C_1}{C_2} + \left ( 1-e^{-C_2} \cdot (t_1-t_0) \right ) \cdot \left ( \frac{S_0}{(t_1-t_0) \cdot C_2} - \frac{C_1}{(t_1-t_0) \cdot C_2^2} \right ) \right ] }[/math]

After summing up the values of all inner time steps passed through, the average process rate over the entire outer time interval is obtained.

Figure 25: Range-wise linearization of a scaled discharge function

From the principles for the description of operating rules it is evident that a discharge can be dependent on the storage content as well as on other system states. Thus, a one-dimensional dependency - only on the storage content - is no longer given. In such a case, a two- or multi-dimensional relationship exists for the unambiguous determination of a dischrage. If a time dependency is added, the problem is extended by one more dimension. A graphically simple representation is no longer feasible. Likewise the solution described above is not sufficient, since further ones are added to the dependence on the reservoir contents. Both for reasons of clarity and a suitable mathematical formulation, it is desirable to convert all dependencies back into a one-dimensional relationship without loss of information. This is achieved by scaling the discharge functions relationship. A scaling is possible for the discharge (y-axis) as well as for the reservoir content (x-axis).

After introducing the scaling factors, the result for a scaled section of a function is:

(2-7)

[math]\displaystyle{ y_{(t)}^s = y_{i-1} \cdot y_{\mbox{faktor}} + k_i \cdot \frac{y_{\mbox{faktor}}}{x_{\mbox{faktor}}} \cdot \left ( S_{(t)} \cdot x_{\mbox{faktor}} -S_{i-1} \cdot x_{\mbox{faktor}} \right ) }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ y_{(t)}^s = y_{i-1}^s + k_i^s \cdot \left ( S_{(t)}^s - S_{i-1}^s \right ) }[/math]

To calculate the delivery function scaled with external system states, proceed analogously to the above method. Here xfactor corresponds to the maximum reservoir content and yfactor corresponds to the scaling factor from the external system state or state group. It is assumed that the factors remain constant during the external time interval. The sum of the integrations over the internal time loop divided by the external time step provides the final output value.

(2-8)

[math]\displaystyle{ \bar{y} = y_{\mbox{faktor}} \cdot \left [ y_{p,i-1} - k_{p,i} \cdot S_{p,i-1} + \frac{1}{x_{\mbox{faktor}}} k_{p,i} \cdot \left [ \frac{\mbox{C1}^s}{\mbox{C2}^s} + \left ( 1 - \mbox{e}^{-\mbox{C2}^s \cdot \left ( t_1 - t_0 \right )} \right ) \cdot \left ( \frac{S_0 \cdot x_{\mbox{faktor}}}{(t_1 - t_0) \cdot \mbox{C2}^s} - \frac{\mbox{C1}^s}{(t_1 - t_0) \cdot {\mbox{C2}^s}^2} \right ) \right ] \right ] }[/math]

The computation of a rangewise linear memory with arbitrarily many inputs and outputs has been described by Ostrowski (1992). This solution was extended to include scaling of both the X and Y axes .

Zusammenfassend gilt, dass ein Speicher eine beliebige Anzahl von Nutzungen besitzen kann. Für jede Nutzung existiert eine vom Speicherinhalt abhängige Funktion, die innerhalb eines äußeren Zeitschrittes konstant bleiben muss, von Zeitschritt zu Zeitschritt aber verändert werden kann (Zeitabhängigkeit). Zusätzlich können diese Funktionen durch externe Abhängigkeiten über Faktoren je Zeitschritt verschieden skaliert werden. Voraussetzung für die Skalierung sind während des Zeitschrittes konstante Faktoren. Der Berechnungsgang ist vom Zeitschritt unabhängig, da er entsprechend den Abschnittsüberschreitungen in beliebig viele innere Zeitschritte zerlegt wird. Das bedeutet, dass die Methode für unterschiedlichste Zeitintervalle geeignet ist und volumentreue Ergebnisse erzeugt. Dadurch kann sowohl ein Hochwasserereignis mit einem Zeitschritt von wenigen Minuten als auch eine Langzeitsimulation mit Tageswerten oder noch größeren Zeitintervallen zum Einsatz kommen. Entscheidend ist nur, dass alle Abgabenfunktionen über eine ausreichende Anzahl von Stützstellen definiert sind.